Mr. Freeze's Cold Ray.
Where does a cold ray put the heat?
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Where does a cold ray put the heat?
Fit each assembly on its seat before starting.
Fit the emitter, refrigeration core, water target and hot radiator. The ray is fictional; the energy balance is explicit. First remove sensible heat to reach 0°C, then remove latent heat to freeze the water. The hot side receives the extracted heat plus the refrigerator work. A larger cold command cannot bypass a small radiator.
Long-range compact cold ray is fictional. Lumped water target starts at 20°C and ends as ice at 0°C; cwater = 4184 J/(kg·K), latent heat 334 kJ/kg. Chosen refrigeration COP = 2, independent of temperature. Cooling power is a command, limited by hot-side radiator capacity through Qhot = Qcold + Win. No heat transfer coefficient, beam propagation or buildable device is implied. The selected finite test interval removes heat at the available rate; a partial result may cool without freezing. Animation compresses the test to 3 seconds.
Freeze at least 1 kg of water from 20°C in 60 s or less, keeping rejected heat within the radiator capacity.
Assemble a fictional cold ray with a real heat ledger.